Outcome expectations in exercise: Distinguishing between likelihood and desirability

Abstract

Background: Outcome expectations from Bandura's (1986) social-cognitive theory have been inconsistently conceptualized in the literature. The perceived likelihood of an outcome happening is one aspect, but the extent to which one values that outcome is also important. The relationship between the likelihood and desirability of an outcome to each other and to behavioural intentions and exercise behaviour is not well understood. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the respective factor structures of the likelihood and desirability components of common exercise outcome expectations. This was accomplished by using the Exercise Outcome Expectations Questionnaire (EOEQ), which separately assesses the likelihood and desirability for commonly reported outcomes of exercise. A secondary aspect of the research was a test of the psychometric quality of the questionnaire. Methods: EOEQ data from 459 non-exercisers (69% female, M age = 48.26 years, SD = 8.52) were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Analysis supported a six-factor model for outcome likelihood, including Physical Health, Mental Health/Stress, Appearance, Fitness, Vitality, and Enjoyment. A similar model was supported for outcome desirability, but with Enjoyment replaced by Negative Outcomes. Measurement invariance by gender was established for the desirability factors, but not for the likelihood factors. Conclusions: This study suggests that the likelihood and desirability aspects of outcome expectations are probably independent of each other. It also provides preliminary evidence for the utility of the EOEQ in measuring the perceived likelihood and desirability of exercise outcomes. Future research examining the contributions of these factors to exercise behaviour is needed.

Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.