Abstract
The Sport Imagery Questionnaire was used as a framework for the development of the Functions of Observational Learning Questionnaire (FOLQ). Some researchers have challenged whether the FOLQ fully captures all uses of OL, given distinctive qualities exist between OL and imagery. We examined this possibility and worked with existing data from Hancock et al. (2011) in which they extended the use of the FOLQ to coaches and officials of team interactive sports. In that research, the following open-ended question "Do you observe others/self for anything not addressed above?" had been included on the questionnaire but was not analyzed. Of the 210 questionnaires completed, 18 coaches and 23 officials responded to the open-ended question. The first and last authors coded participants' responses, achieving researcher consensus. Following this, the second and third authors assumed the role of critical friends. Results highlighted many responses that were grounded in the FOLQ; specifically, 72% and 69% for coaches and officials respectively. A number of responses, however, fell outside of the FOLQ. One particular theme was the use of OL to improve communication (e.g., how to talk to players) among coaches and officials. A second theme, unique to referees, was that of self-presentation (e.g., appropriate attire and conduct). Although less robust, the notion of self-reflection also emerged with the coaches. With new themes emerging, it suggests that the current FOLQ is lacking in its content structure and further research may be needed to improve the FOLQ.
