Abstract
Through parasport, adults and young athletes with physical impairments often report increases in well-being and related psychosocial perceptions compared to non-athletes. While researchers often attribute these benefits to social participation that goes-along with parasport, few existing frameworks comprehensively describe the components of optimal parasport experiences. We sought to generate an evidence-informed conceptualization of optimal parasport participation, using a view of participation across disability settings that highlights six experiential elements (Belongingness, Autonomy, Challenge, Mastery, Engagement and Meaning; Martin-Ginis, Evans, Mortenson, & Noreau, 2016). We integrated existing literature and stakeholder input within a three-phase process based on AGREE-II guideline development methods. In Phase One, we formed propositions about optimal experiences based on insights from systematic reviews and qualitative studies. In Phase Two, we developed a provisional conceptualization informed by an expert round-table and an online descriptive survey with 80 parasport athletes, parents, coaches, and administrators. In Phase Three, we refined the conceptualization using an online expert panel with researchers and sport administrators (n = 20). As a result, an initial list of quality elements grew to a conceptualization that uniquely defines the six elements in ways that represent the parasport context. We also identified 27 optimal conditions that may promote quality experiences across the physical (e.g., accessibility) and social environment (e.g., coach-athlete communication), as well as sport activities (e.g., safety). This conceptualization provides direction for future research and is a foundation that parasport organizations may apply through tools to enhance participation in their unique contexts (e.g., developing guidelines for sport programs).
