Abstract
Background: Executive function refers to a set of top-down mental processes recruited to elicit goal-directed behaviours. People with developmental disabilities typically experience challenges with executive function. Previous research supports the use of physical activity-based interventions for improving executive function, but few studies have investigated the relationship between physical fitness and executive function directly.
Purpose: This study explored whether physical fitness was associated with executive function for people with developmental disabilities throughout a 16-week adapted physical activity program.
Methods: Participants (n=45) in this study were between 4 and 24 years old with any developmental disability, and enrolled in the Acadia S.M.I.L.E. Program. Physical fitness was measured using a composite score generated from grip strength, the 2-minute walk test, and standing long jump data. Executive function was measured using the NIH Toolbox Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test. A linear mixed-effects model assessed the interaction between physical fitness and executive function over four time points (baseline, pre-, post-, and follow-up).
Results: Findings show a positive relationship between higher physical fitness and better executive function, although statistical significance was not reached (p=0.309). Further, while executive function did not change significantly over time, findings showed a trend toward delayed improvement near follow-up (p=0.052).
Discussion: Although not statistically significant, the trend toward delayed improvement in executive function near follow-up testing supports the continued exploration into adapted physical activity programs for enhancing executive function for people with developmental disabilities.
