Examining the views of sport psychology consultants on mental toughness

Abstract

Sport Psychology Consultants (SPCs), coaches, and athletes have consistently referred to mental toughness as one of the most significant psychological features related to outcome and success in sport (Crust, 2007). The role of SPCs is often to enhance performance and well being of the athlete, including the development of mental toughness. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that in attempts to develop mental toughness, coaches may participate in practices that could be interpreted as a form of maltreatment. Thus we need to find a balance between developing mental toughness without the use of potentially abusive techniques. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of SPCs in professional and amateur competitive sport, with respect to negotiating these issues related to mental toughness. Six SPCs were interviewed using semi-structured interviews exploring their conceptualizations of mental toughness, and views on appropriate and inappropriate ways to develop this. Data were analyzed inductively with the identification of meaning units and themes.  The findings indicated several different definitions of mental toughness although all participants agreed that mental toughness was critical for success in sport and in the athlete’s personal life. Additionally, these SPCs believed that athletes develop mental toughness over time, based on their environment.  Lastly, all six of the participants acknowledged that in attempts to develop mental toughness, the coach may use inappropriate methods; in these circumstances, it is the responsibility of the SPCs to intervene and teach appropriate methods of developing mental toughness. Recommendations for future research and practice will be addressed.