Abstract
The integration of technology into golf training has significantly reshaped how performance is measured, analyzed, and improved. While launch monitors such as Trackman provide real-time feedback, the question remains whether this feedback enhances skill acquisition when used independently of coaching. Although prior research has focused on the accuracy and reliability of such technologies, limited work has explored their learning effects in real-world practice contexts. This study investigated how technology-based feedback influences golf swing performance over time. Ten participants were randomized to either a technology feedback or no-technology control group and completed a four-session indoor training protocol. Trackman data were collected at four key time points: baseline, post-training, retention, and post full-feedback. Performance was measured using two primary metrics: smash factor (impact efficiency) and swing direction (club path control). Linear mixed-effects modeling revealed no significant effects of group or session on smash factor. However, the technology feedback group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in swing direction at post-training (p < .001), retention (p < .001), and the final session (p < .001) compared to the control group. These findings suggest that technology-based feedback selectively improves directional control but may not influence impact efficiency. The study highlights how feedback tools like Trackman can support aspects of motor learning in golf and offers applied insight for coaches, athletes, and sport technologists aiming to optimize feedback delivery in performance environments.
